Christianity
A monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Sample Sentences !
"Christianity is one of the most common believed religions in the United States."
"Christianity can be studied by reading the bible."
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LA Times
Christian Faith
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The religion of Christianity is very common throughout the world. The life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Christ are all what Christians believe in. God is mentioned alot in the book Grendel. The fact that Grendel is a descendent of Cain also refers to Christianity.
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Monism
A philosophical position which argues that the variety of existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance.
Sample Sentences !
"The term monism originates in Western philosophy."
"Contrasting with monism are metaphysical dualism."
Usage !
The Philosophical Review
First Things
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Monism basically means that all existing things go back to some kind of source that's different from them. Monism was first introduced in the 18th century by Christian von Wolff. Thereare three types of monism; substanital monism, attributive monism, and partial monism.
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Atheism
The rejection of belief in the existence of deities.
Sample Sentences !
"Atheism is the disbelief in the existence of supreme beings."
"Tommy was considered an athiest because he didn't believe in any kind of religion."
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Atheism
NY Times
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The theory that there is no higher power is called atheism. Atheism isn't considered a religion, it's more so considered a belief. Since atheists think that there is a higher power, they don't believe in God.
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Humanism
A system of thought that rejects religious beliefs and centers on humans and their values, capacities, and worth.
Sample Sentences !
"Humanism emphasizes the values and agencies of human beings."
"The great intelluectual movement of Renaissance Italy was humanism."
Usage !
NY Times
African Humanism
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Humanism is basically the thought of humans being the biggest and most important things. This belief isn't common are well accepted in today's society. Humanists believe that there is nothing superior to humans.
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Monotheism !
The belief in the existence of one god or in the oneness of God.
Sample Sentences !
"All of the preachers preached monotheism, the belief that there is only one God, which is Jehovah."
"Judiasm and Christianity are both examples of monotheism; they both believe in only one God, which is Jesus or Jehovah."
Usage !
The Monotheism
Christian Monotheism
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Many well known religions contain monotheism. It tends to be more accepted than polytheism, which is the belief that there is more than one god. Monotheism appears in Grendel a lot because throughout the book they only refer to one god, which is God.
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Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli was a Italian philosopher, humanist, historian, politician, and writer. The Prince is his most famous writing.
Sample Sentences !
"Machiavelli lived in Florence, Italy."
"Realism was something that Machiavelli strongly believed in."
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History Today
LA Times
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Machiavelli spent most of his career trying to figure out the meaning and reason for government. He wrote a book called The Prince which was published in 1532. Machiavelli is often quoted from that book today.
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Skepticism
Belief that there's no point to life. Skeptics have a doubt towards almost everything.
Sample Sentences !
"Many people today have a skepticism towards people that claim that they're speaking for God."
"The girl, now a teenager, expressed skepticism when her parents told her that Santa Clause left presents for her under the tree."
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Skepticism
Washington Post
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Sketicism is when a person doubts everything and believes that there's no point to life. People that are skeptics tend not to have hope for the future. A good example of skepticism is in the novel Grendel. In the book, Grendel spends alot of time trying to figure out why's he's on Earth and he doesn't think that he has a purpose.
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Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead was a philosopher that was well known for his philosophy called "Whitehead's Metaphysics."
Sample Sentences !
"Whitehead is well known for his philosophy called "Whitehead's Metaphysics.""
"Whitehead studied the philosophy of science and education alot."
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Whitehead
Individual Philosopher
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Whitehead is said to have made many discoveries in philosophy. His biggest accomplishment was known as "Whitehead's Metaphysics". It basically says that life is a continuing cycle.
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Nietzsche !
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzche was a German philosopher. He was also a poet, composer, and classical philiogist. He challenged the foundations of Christianity.
Sample Sentences !
"Nietzsche's common belief was that self- realization will help a person craft their identity."
"Nietzsche would talk about things in higher powers such as death of belief and religion."
Usage !
Angry Nerds
Nietzsche
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Nietzsche question truth and religion often. He wonder about religion and how long people would believe in it. His philosophy is of life- affirmation. Life- affirmation is the questioning of doctrines that take away all of life's energies.
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Materialsm
The only thing that exists is matter or energy.
Sample Sentences !
"In philosophy, the theory of materialism holds that only thing that exists is matter or energy."
"To many philosophers, materialism synonymous with physicalism."
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Philsophical Materialism
Materialism
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Materialism began in 5th or 6th century BC. The definition of materialism has changed over time. It used to mean that life is the product of natural processes. Now it means having the mindset make up life and create happiness.
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Existentialism !
A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts.
Sample Sentences !
"Therefore we are untitled that the idea of death constitutes the central of this deeply existential poetry."
"...yet it demonstrates that the roots of spirtual life lie in conditions that are essentially existential."
Usage !
Existential Depression
Here and Now
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Existentialsm tries to determine cause of human existence. It relates to Grendel because he tries to find his purpose and existence in the world. Throughout the book, Grendel is questioning his existence and why his life is the way it is.
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Camus
Albert Camus was a French philosopher. The way he saw certain things lead to a philosophy called absurdism.
Sample Sentences !
"Camus is quoted immensely on his thoughts about the season of autumn."
"Camus helped create the philosophy called absurdism."
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Albert Camus
Chronicle Review
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Albert Camus was a well known writer and philosopher. He wrote short stories, novels, and plays. He helped create absurdism. Absurdism basically means that trying to figure out life's meaning is pointless.
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Hume
David Hume was a Scottish philospopher, historian, economist, and essayist. He is mostly known for his philosophical empiricism and skeptism.
Sample Sentences !
"Philosophers recognize Hume as a precursor of contemporary cognitive science."
"David Hume was an extremely influential philospher during the 1700's."
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First Principles
Theory of Money
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David Hume was one of the most important people in the history of Western philosophy. He was also considered the most important philosopher to ever write English.
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Sartre
Jean-Paul Sartre was a French extentialist philosopher. He was alson a playwright, screenwriter, novelist, biograper, and literary critic.
Sample Sentences !
"Sartre's philosophy was called existentialism."
"Sartre is arguguably the best philosopher of tht twentieth century."
Usage !
Existentialsm
Sartre Interview
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Jean-Paul Sartre was a french philosopher that was well known for his philosophy called extentialism. Extentialism is a philosophy in which truth and meaning in life is made only by the individual. Sartre's philosophy is still used today.
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Maslow
Abraham Maslow is best known for creating "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" , which is a theory of self- actualiztion.
Sample Sentences !
"Maslow's hierarchy of needs emphasizes the importance of self- actualization."
"Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often viewed as a pyramid."
Usage !
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs tells us the steps that we must achieve in order to reach self- actualization. Self- actualization is when a person realizes their full potential in life and find self- fufillment. Most people don't stay at self- actualization for long, that is, if they get there.
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Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer, artist, politician, and philosopher. Many of his philosophies were based on the concept of faith.
Sample Sentences !
"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born August 28, 1749."
"Lyric poetry and epic poetry were Goethe's most famous works of literature."
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Russell Brand
Goethe
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Goethe was born and raised in Germany. Throughout his life he has written many literature works. Two of his most famous literary works were The Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther. It took Goethe a long 57 years to complete The Faust.
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Beckett
Samuel Beckett was an Irish philosopher, novelist, poet, and playwright. He believed that human brains could be used in a variety of different ways. He also believed that as long as people continue to push their limits, their knowledge will expand more and more.
Sample Sentences !
"Samuel Beckett believed that after humans observe and event they'll try to put a meaning to it."
"One of the plays written by Beckett only lasted for 35 seconds."
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Biography
Sam I Am
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Samuel Beckett was an expert at many different genres such as novels, dramas, and one-act plays. His literary works have been studied and applied are continued to be used today. He also has philosophies, one being that humans can push themselves find more information. He believes that there is no limit on intelligence or knowledge.
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Blaise Pascal !
A French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philospher.
Sample Sentences !
"Blaise Pascal was born on June 19, 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, France."
"Blaise Pascal started inventing when he was just a teenager."
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First Modern Christian
Blaise Pascal
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Both articles simply describe Pascal's accomplishments. The first article descibes Blaise as the first modern Christian. The second article discusses his background information and how he got his start.
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Whitehead's Metaphysics
speculative philosophy; system for understanding science, society, and self.
Sample Sentences !
"...constructed with reference to the emerging objective scientific worldview, but not to the neglect of subjective human experience."
" Whitehead's metaphysics catergorizes life into phases."
Usage !
Resources and Problems
Whitehead's Metaphysics and the Law
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In the second article, it compares Whitehead's metaphysics to law and human civilization. It's a small article that basically summarizes up conversation between Whitehead and a lawyer. In the first article, it goes against Whitehead's metaphysics.
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Orphic Sages
(orphism) the name given to a set of religious beliefs and practices originating in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic world; stresses a strict standard of ethical and moral conduct; "Humans are to purify themselves through reincarnation."
Sample Sentences !
" In almost every Greek drama, orphism is directly mentioned."
" The idea of reicarnation is also something that Orphic Sage believe in."
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Hellenic Studies
Mysteries
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In the second article, it discusses the different mysteries of orphism. It was said to be founded by Orpheus. Orpheus was said to be the son of Apollo. He was known for his music and his singing.
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Paganism
a blanket term typically used to refer to religious traditions which are polytheistic or indigenous; includes all religions than the true one revealed by God.
Sample Sentences !
"His mission was to convert pagan Irish people to Christianity."
"Within a century pagans would persecuted because they would not conform to the state religion that ensured the safety of the empire."
"He was martyred by pagans whose savage customs he had denounced."
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Paganism and Witchcraft
Offended by articles on Paganism
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The first article discusses the topic of paganism in the author's point of view. The author grew up in a house full of pagans that practiced witchcraft. The author even encouraged the readers to practice paganism as well, which kind of puzzled me a little.
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Plato's Allegory of the Cave !
Presented by the Greek philospher, Plato. It's intended to illustrate "our nature in its education and want of education."
Sample Sentences !
"There are many refrences in the book Grendel that heavily relate back to Plato's Allegory of the Cave."
"In Plato's Allegory of the Cave it talks about how some people aren't ready to accept new knowledge."
Usage !
Is Plato's Allegory of the Cave wrong ??
Youthbuild
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In the first article, the author is claiming that unlike in Plato's Allegory of the Cave, absolute truths only exist in the shadow world of theory and ideas. The author also thinks that a person's theory and ideas is based on the perceptions that they have of the real world. In the second article, it talks about how a student was making his graduation speech and used Plato's Allegory of the Cave as a metaphor for his life and his journey.
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Solipsism
The philosophical idea that only one's own mind exists. The conclusion of solipsism is that other minds and the world don't exist; only that person matters and knows what's important.
Sample Sentences !
"Solipsism is first recorded with the Greek presocratic sophist, Gorgias."
"Solipsism is often introduced in the context of relating it to pathological psychological conditions."
Usage !
Solipsism
NY Times
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Solipsism is a philosophy in which a person thinks that they're only person that matters. People that believe in this philosophy also think that nothing is really valid besides them and their beliefs and thoughts. People that are solipsists seem very self- centered.
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